Covid-19: The Most Deadly Virus of The Century

Sumit  Malik; Yajvinder  Saharan; Vivek  Chaudhry; Joginder  Singh

doi:10.70130/CAST.2022.4105

Authors

Sumit Malik Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed to be University, Mullana, 133207, Haryana, India Author
Yajvinder Saharan Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed to be University, Mullana, 133207, Haryana, India Author
Vivek Chaudhry Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed to be University, Mullana, 133207, Haryana, India Author
Joginder Singh Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed to be University, Mullana, 133207, Haryana, India Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70130/CAST.2022.4105

Keywords:

Covid19, acute respiratory syndrome, pandemic, vaccine

Abstract

The difficulty in breathing (dyspnea), breathlessness with high fever, dry cough, and severe pain in back are the most prominent symptoms of Covid-19 infection. It was first observed in China in December 2019 (Wuhan City, Hubei Province) and rapidly spreaded across the world. World Health Organization acknowledged it as a pandemic in March 2020 and by April 20, 2021, it reported the infected patients were more than 140 million worldwide and had killed 3 million people. In this brief review article, we have discussed the origin of Covid- 19, its symptoms, transmission, effect on organs, different types of vaccines developed and the death toll in major populated countries of the world.

References

Andersen, K. G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W. I., Holmes, E. C., & Garry, R. F. (2020). The proximal origin of SARS- CoV-2. Nature Medicine, 26(4), 450–452. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9

Bhatraju, P. K., Ghassemieh, B. J., Nichols, M., Kim, R., Jerome, K. R., Nalla, A. K., Greninger, A. L., Pipavath, S., Wurfel, M. M., Evans, L., Kritek, P. A., West, T. E., Luks, A., Gerbino, A., Dale, C. R., Goldman, J. D., O’Mahony, S., & Mikacenic, C. (2020). Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle region – Case series. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(21), 2012–2022. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2004500

Chan, J. F.-W., Yuan, S., Kok, K.-H., To, K. K.-W., Chu, H., Yang, J., Xing, F., Liu, J., Yip, C. C.-Y., Poon, R. W.-S., Tsoi, H.-W., Lo, S. K.-F., Chan, K.-H., Poon, V. K.-M., Chan, W.-M., Ip, J. D., Cai, J.-P., Cheng, V. C.-C., Chen, H., . . . Yuen, K.-Y. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person- to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster. The Lancet, 395(10223), 514–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9

Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., Xia, J., Yu, T., Zhang, X., & Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7

Cleveland Clinic medical professional, Corona virus, Covid-19. (April 11, 2021).

Cleveland Clinic, Who is most at risk. (April 20, 2021).

Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. (2020). Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome- related coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS- CoV-2. Nature Microbiology, 5(4), 536–544. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z

Cui, J., Li, F., & Shi, Z.-L. (2019). Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nature Reviews. Microbiology, 17(3), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9

Deng, S.-Q., & Peng, H.-J. (2020). Characteristics of and public health responses to the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020575

Folegatti, P. M., Ewer, K. J., Aley, P. K., Angus, B., Becker, S., Belij-Rammerstorfer, S., Bellamy, D., Bibi, S., Bittaye, M., Clutterbuck, E. A., Dold, C., Faust, S. N., Finn, A., Flaxman, A. L., Hallis, B., Heath, P., Jenkin, D., Lazarus, R., Makinson, R., . . . Oxford COVID Vaccine Trial Group. (2020). Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS- CoV-2: A preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single- blind, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 396(10249), 467–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4

Gao, Q., Bao, L., Mao, H., Wang, L., Xu, K., Yang, M., Li, Y., Zhu, L., Wang, N., Lv, Z., Gao, H., Ge, X., Kan, B., Hu, Y., Liu, J., Cai, F., Jiang, D., Yin, Y., Qin, C., . . . Qin, C. (2020). Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS- CoV-2. Science, 369(6499), 77–81. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc1932

Giacomelli, A., Pezzati, L., Conti, F., Bernacchia, D., Siano, M., Oreni, L., Rusconi, S., Gervasoni, C., Ridolfo, A. L., Rizzardini, G., Antinori, S., & Galli, M. (2020). Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS- CoV-2 patients: A crosssectional study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(15), 889–890. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa330

Gralinski, L. E., & Menachery, V. D. (2020). Return of the coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses, 12(2), 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020135

Guan, W.-J., Ni, Z.-Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-H., Ou, C.-Q., He, J.-X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C.-L., Hui, D. S. C., Du, B., Li, L.-J., Zeng, G., Yuen, K.-Y., Chen, R.-C., Tang, C.-L., Wang, T., Chen, P.-Y., Xiang, J., . . . China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. (2020). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032

Han, Q., Lin, Q., Jin, S., & You, L. (2020). Coronavirus 2019- nCoV: A brief perspective from the front line. The Journal of Infection, 80(4), 373–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.010

Hui, D. S., I Azhar, E., Madani, T. A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., Ippolito, G., Mchugh, T. D., Memish, Z. A., Drosten, C., Zumla, A., & Petersen, E. (2020). The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health the latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 91, 264–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009

Jackson, L. A., Anderson, E. J., Rouphael, N. G., Roberts, P. C., Makhene, M., Coler, R. N., McCullough, M. P., Chappell, J. D., Denison, M. R., Stevens, L. J., Pruijssers, A. J., McDermott, A., Flach, B., Doria-Rose, N. A., Corbett, K. S., Morabito, K. M., O’Dell, S., Schmidt, S. D., Swanson, P. A., . . . mRNA-1273 Study Group. (2020). An mRNA vaccine against SARSCoV-2 preliminary report. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(20), 1920–1931. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2022483

Jiang, S., Du, L., & Shi, Z. (2020). An emerging coronavirus causing pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China: Calling for developing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. Emerging Microbes and Infections, 9(1), 275–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1723441

Mizumoto, K., Kagaya, K., Zarebski, A., & Chowell, G. (2020). Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020. Euro Surveill., 25(10), Article 2000180. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180

Richardson, S., Hirsch, J. S., Narasimhan, M., Crawford, J. M., Mcginn, T., Davidson, K. W., the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium, Barnaby, D. P., Becker, L. B., Chelico, J. D., Cohen, S. L., Cookingham, J., Coppa, K., Diefenbach, M. A., Dominello, A. J., Duer-Hefele, J., Falzon, L., Gitlin, J., Hajizadeh, N., . . . Zanos, T. P. (2020). Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA, 323(20), 2052–2059. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6775

Smith, T. R. F., Patel, A., Ramos, S., Elwood, D., Zhu, X., Yan, J., Gary, E. N., Walker, S. N., Schultheis, K., Purwar, M., Xu, Z., Walters, J., Bhojnagarwala, P., Yang, M., Chokkalingam, N., Pezzoli, P., Parzych, E., Reuschel, E. L., Doan, A., . . . Broderick, K. E. (2020). Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19. Nature Communications, 11(1), 2601. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16505-0

Wang, R., Zhang, X., Irwin, D. M., & Shen, Y. (2020). Emergence of SARS- like coronavirus poses new challenge in China. The Journal of Infection, 80(3), 350–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.01.017

Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, L., Wang, X., Luo, N., & Li, L. (2020). Clinical outcome of 55 asymptomatic cases at the time of hospital admission infected with SARS-Coronavirus-2 in Shenzhen, China. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 221(11), 1770–1774. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa119

Wu, J. T., Leung, K., & Leung, G. M. (2020). Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: A modelling study. The Lancet, 395(10225), 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9

Zheng, K. I., Feng, G., Liu, W. Y., Targher, G., Byrne, C. D., & Zheng, M. H. Extrapulmonary complications of COVID-19: A multisystem disease 2021.

Zhu, F.-C., Guan, X.-H., Li, Y.-H., Huang, J.-Y., Jiang, T., Hou, L.-H., Li, J.-X., Yang, B.-F., Wang, L., Wang, W.-J., Wu, S.-P., Wang, Z., Wu, X.-H., Xu, J.-J., Zhang, Z., Jia, S.-Y., Wang, B.-S., Hu, Y., Liu, J.-J., . . . Chen, W. (2020b). Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID- 19vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: A randomised, double- blind, placebo- controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet, 396(10249), 479–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31605-6

Zhu, F.-C., Li, Y.-H., Guan, X.-H., Hou, L.-H., Wang, W.-J., Li, J.-X., Wu, S.-P., Wang, B.-S., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Jia, S.-Y., Jiang, H.-D., Wang, L., Jiang, T., Hu, Y., Gou, J.-B., Xu, S.-B., Xu, J.-J., Wang, X.-W., . . . Chen, W. (2020a). Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: A dose- escalation, open- label, non-randomised, first- in-human trial. The Lancet, 395(10240), 1845–1854. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31208-3

Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G. F., Tan, W., & China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 727–733. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017